ISLAMIC HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION STUDIES AND TEXTS

EDITED BY \VADADKADI, VOLUME 41

THE ORIGINS OF ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE Meccan Fiqh bifore the Classical Schools

BY HARALD MOTZKI

translated from the German by

MARION H. KATZ BRILL

LEIDEN ·BOSTON·KOLN 2002

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

This book was originally published as Harald Motzki, Die Arifdnge der islamischen ]wisprudenz. Ihre EntwicklurJg in Me& his zur Milte des 2. I 8. Jahrhunderts.

Abhandlungen fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes, herausgcgeben von der Deutschen MorgenHindische-n Gesellschaft, Bd. L,2), Stuttgart 1991: Kornmissionsverlag Franz Steiner.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Motzki, Harald.

(Anfmge der islamischenJurisprudenz. English]

The origins of Islamic jurisprudence : Meccan fiqh before the classical schools I by Harald Motzki ; translated from the German by Marion H. Katz.

p. em. -- (Islamic history and civilization. Studies and texts,

ISSN 0929-2403; v. 4-1)

Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 9004121315 (alk. paper)

1. Islam 1aw--Histof}~ 2.Jurisprudence-Arab countries-History.

3. Islamic law--Study and teaching-Arab countries-History. I. Tide.

II. Islamic history and civilization. Studies and texts ; v. 41 LAW

2001035473

Die Deutsche Bibliothek- CIP-Einheitsaufilahme

Motzki! Harald:

The origins of Islamic jurisprudence : Meccan fiqh before the classical

schools I by Harald Motzki. Trans!. from the German by Marion H. Katz. -

Leiden ; Boston ; Kaln : Brill, 2002

(Islamic history and civilization ; Vol. 41) ISBN 90-0~12131-!i

ISSN 0929-2403

ISBN 90 04 12131 5

© Cop;•right 2002 by Koninklijke BrillNT{ Leiden, The Netherlands

All ri,.hts reserved. No part rif this publimtion mqy be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval.rystem, en· transmitted in anJ•form or by anJ• means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without pri!Jr written permirsionfrom the publisher.

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PRINTED IN TIIE NE'fHERLANDS

CONTENTS

Preface to the English Edition ............ ............ ......... ... ... ........... IX

Introduction . ....... ....... ................................... . . .......... . .... . ............ x1

I. The Beginnings of Islamic Jurisprudence in the Research of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries 1

A. Early Research .............................................................. 2

B. More Recent Research ................................................ 18

II. New Sources for the History of the Beginnings of Islamic Jurisprudence .......................................................... 51

A. 'Abd al-Razzaq's Mll,l'annqf--The Work and

Its Sources ...................................................................... 54

1. The Edition ........ ...................................................... 54

2. The Sources of the Work.......................................... 58

B._The Author and His Work in the Light of the Biographical Sources .................................................... 62

C. The Mu~annaj--A Source for the. Legal History of the First half of the Second/Eighth Century ........ 72

III. The Development of Islamic Jurisprudence in Mecca to the Middle of the Second/Eighth Century ................ 75

A. The State of Research .................................................. 7 5

B. 'Ata, Ibn· Abr Rahal) .................................................... 77

l. The Main Source: Authenticity and Mode of

Transmission ............................................................ 77

a. External Formal Criteria of Authenticity 77

b. Internal Formal Criteria of Authenticity .......... 83

c. The Results of the Test of Genuineness .......... 94

d. Written or Oral Reception? .............................. 95

2. Characteristics of 'Ata"s Legal Scholarship and Its Significance for the History of Islamic Jurisprudence ............................................................ 105

a. General Characteristics ...................................... 105

b. 'Ata"s Sources .................................................... 107

C. 'Amr Ibn Drnar ............................................................ 173

l. The Main Sources: Authenticity and Mode of

Transmission ............................................................ 173

Vl CONTENTS

a. Ibn Jura)j's Tradition from <Amr Ibn Drnar

in the M~wmaf of cAbd al-Razzaq .................... I 73

b. Ibn <Uyayna's Tradition from cAmr Ibn

Drnar .................................................................... 177

2. Characteristics of <Amr Ibn Drnar's Legal Scholarship and Its Significance for the History of Islamic Jurisprudence .......................................... 185

a. General Characteristics ................. . . . .... . ........ ..... 185

b. cAmr Ibn Dfnar's Sources .................................. 187

D. Ibn Juraxj ...................................................................... 204

1. The Provenance of Ibn Jura)j's Tradition Material ..... ....... .... ...... . .... .... . .................. ....... .... ....... 206

a. Ibn Jura)j's Meccan Sources .............................. 208

b. Ibn Jura)j's Medinan Sources ............................ 217

c. Ibn Juraxj's Iraqi Sources .................................. 226

d. Ibn Juraxj's Syrian Sources ................................ 232

2. The Value of Ibn JuraY.fs Sources for the History of Early Islamic Jurisprudence .................. 234

a. The Authenticity of Ibn Jura)j's Tradition ...... 234

b. Characteristics of Early Legal Centers .............. 238

c. The Use of the Isnad .......................................... 240

d. Ibn Jura)j's Anonymous Traditions .................... 242

E. The Early Meccan· Legal Scholars in the Light of the Biographical Sources .............................................. 245

I. <Ata' Ibn Abr Rahal). .............................................. 246

2. <Amr Ibn Drnar ........................................................ 262

3. Ibn Jurayj .................................................................. 268

4. The Source Value of the Biographical Material

about the Three Legal Scholars .................................. 285

F. A Historical Overview ...................... ............................ 287

1. The Beginnings ........................................................ 287

2. The Last Third of the First/Seventh Century ...... 288

3. The First Quarter of the Second/Eighth

Century ................... .............. ........... . ............... ..... ..... 289

4. The Second Quarter of the Second/Eighth

Century ...... ...... ............. ........ . .................. ........... ...... . 290

5. The Second Half of the Second/Eighth

Century ...................................................................... 291

CONTENTS Vll

IV. The Beginnings of Islamic Jurisprudence 295

Mterword ..................................:................................................. 299

Bibliography . ....... ................................. .... ................................... 30l

Index ............................................................................................ 311