• University of Notre Dame

• NURS FP626

UNIVERSITY OF KABIANGA KAPKATET CAMPUS SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ASSESSING FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO SANITATION AND HYGIENE CONDITIONS AMONG HOUSEHOLDS IN BARINGO NORTH SUB COUNTY A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD IN OF BACHELOR OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE IN THE SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF KABIANGA 26th APRIL 2019 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this proposal is my original work and has not been submitted for examination in any other institution for the award of degree in Environmental Health. Name; AMDANY J JOY Reg; EVH/0014/17 Signature……………………… Date…………………………… Supervisors’ Approval I confirm that this research proposal has been submitted for review with my approval as the university supervisor. Name: Mr. Alex Nderitu Signature ………………. Date…………………… ACKNOWLEDGEMENT CHAPTER ONE 1.1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION Throughout the world 2.5 billion people lack basic sanitation, this population is nearly 38% of the world population (WHO &UNICEF, 2012). Many international organizations use access to safe drinking water and hygienic sanitation facilities as a measure of progress in fight against, disease and death. According to UNICEF and WHO in 2010 89% of world’s population used water from improved sources (54% from a piped connection and 35% from other improved water sources) leaving 11% with no access to improved water sources. According to WHO and UNICEF in 2010, only 63% of world population used improved sanitation facilities with sub-Saharan Africa having 30% and Southern Asia 41%. About 15% of world’s population lives without any form of sanitation and practice open defecation. Only four countries in the sub-Saharan Africa and five from the Saharan Africa remain on-track to meet the sanitation millennium development goals. In 2008,584 million people in Africa did not have an improved sanitation facility, and of those, 231 million practiced open defecations. Analysis of access by socio-economic status shows significant differences with the richest 20% of the population in the sub-Saharan Africa being five times more likely to use an improved sanitation facility than the poorest 20%. The poorest are 18 times more likely to practice open defecation. Studies shows that 2.4 billion people live without improved sanitation and one in ten people have no choice but to defecate in the open (WHO/UNICEF 2015), diarrhea caused by poor sanitation and unsafe water kills 315,000 children every year (WASH watch 2016), disease transmission at work, mostly caused by poor sanitation and hygiene practices, causes 17% of all workplace deaths (International Labour Organization 2008) and loss of productivity due to illnesses caused by lack of sanitation and poor hygiene practices is estimated to cost many countries up to 5% of GDP (Hutton 2012) The estimate in 2017 by joint monitoring programs states that 4.5 billion people currently (more than 32% of the world’s population) do not have safely managed sanitation. A study in 54-low and middle-income countries found