UNIT 3.1|Empires Expand (AMSCO Pages 143 - 151)Key term/event | Definition (Think - Who, What, When, Where…) and Significance (Why this term matters)Gunpowder Empires | Large, multiethnic states in Southwest, Central, and South Asia that relied on firearms to conquer andcontrol territories.Gutenberg PrintingPress | First printing press invented by Johannes Gutenberg and invention of this led
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UNIT 3.1|Empires Expand (AMSCO Pages 143 - 151)
Key term/event | Definition (Think - Who, What, When, Where…) and Significance (Why this term matters)
Gunpowder Empires | Large, multiethnic states in Southwest, Central, and South Asia that relied on firearms to conquer and
control territories.
Gutenberg Printing
Press | First printing press invented by Johannes Gutenberg and invention of this led to increase of literacy.
Ivan IV | Ivan the terrible, ruled 1547-1584, he was a ruler of Russia.
Volga River | River that flowed into the Caspian Sea, significant to Moscow trade.
Ming Dynasty | Dynasty that ruled 300 years from 1368 to 1644.
Qing Dynasty | Dynasty ruled by Manchu of Manchuria, ruled until 1911.
Kangxi | Ruler during Qing Dynasty, one of longest reigning emperors, ruled 1661-1722
Emperor Qianlong | Another important Qing emperor who ruled from 1736-1796, poet, knowledgeable in art and calligraphy
Tamerlane | Timur the Lame, a Mongol-Turkic ruler of the late 14th century.
Ghazi Ideal | A model for warrior life that blended the cooperative values of nomadic culture with the willingness to
serve as a holy fighter for Islam.
Ottoman Empire | Largest and most enduring empires of this period. Founded by Osman Dynasty in 1300s, lasted until its
defeat in 1918 by the Allies in World War 1.
Mehmed II | Called the Conqueror, ruled Ottomans from 1451-1481, firmly established empire’s capital after his
forces besieged Constantinople.
Suleiman I | Suleiman 1 ruled Ottoman Empire from 1520-1566 and helped Ottoman Empire reach peak.
Shah | Equivalent to king or emperor.
Safavid Empire
Shah Abbas I | Also called Abbas the great, ruled Safavid Empire from 1588-1629.
Akbar | Babur’s grandson who achieved grand religious and political goals.
Mughal Empire | Akbar ruled Mughal Empire and it became one of the richest and best-governed states in the world.
Caste | Strict social groupings designated at birth.
Objective | Key Developments
Explain how
and why
various land
based
empires
developed
and
expanded
from 1450 -
1750. | Who were the four Gunpowder Empires?
Russia, Ottoman Empire, The Safavid Empire, Mughal Empire.
Why did the Gunpowder Empires craft artist and architectural legacies?
They crafted artist and architectural legacies to reflect the legitimacy of their rulers.
What did Europe’s expansion involve that was unique from the Gunpowder Empires?
Europe’s expansion involved an even wider exchange network than that which spread gunpowder:
transoceanic connections with the Americas.
Europe:
What is significant about the year 1450?
The year 1450 has traditionally signified the ending of the medieval period and the beginning of the
early modern period.
What events signal the beginning of the early modern period (the mid-1450s)?
The end of a wave of plagues, the conclusion of the Hundred Years’ War between France and England
and the invention of the Gutenberg printing press, followed by an increase in literacy.
Monarchies in Europe in 1450 wanted to control:
Taxes, the army, and many aspects of religion to centralize power.
Which social class was becoming more powerful in Europe?
The middle class
Russia:
Which two regions was Russia influenced by?
Central Asia (from the Mongols), and Europe.
How did Ivan IV extend the border of Russia Eastward?
First by taking control of the khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan, and Siberia held by the descendants of the
Golden Horde, the Mongolian conquerors.
What did Russia’s expansion depend on?
The use of gunpowder.
Who were the Cossacks and what did they do?
They were bands of fierce peasant warriors and they fought local tribes and the Siberian khan.
Why did Russia want to control the Volga river?
So that Moscow could trade directly with Persia and the Ottoman Empire without having to deal with
the strong forces of Crimean Tartars.
What religion did Russian missionaries want to convert Siberian tribes to?
East Orthodox Christianity.
Where did the Russian Empire extend to by 1639?
Advanced east as far as the Pacific Coast.
East Asia:
The Ming Dynasty was established after the Mongols were pushed out of China. What was the result of the Ming
Dynasty?
Ming rulers stabilized the East Asian region for nearly 300 years.
Who established the Qing Dynasty?
Manchu
What caused China to rebuild the Great Wall of China for protection?
They rebuild the Great Wall as a reaction to renewed Mongol Power, in 1440s Mongols defeated Ming
forces and took the Ming emperor prisoner.
What was significant about Emperor Kangxi’s rule AND what regions did he incorporate into China’s rule?
Kangxi was one of China’s longest reining emperors, and he presided over a period of stability and
expansion during the Qing Dynasty in China. He incorporated Taiwan, Mongolia, and Central Asia into
China’s rule. China also imposed a protectorate over Tibet.
What was notable about Emperor Qianlong’s rule? (where did he expand, what was the reaction to his
expansion, etc.)?
At beginning of reign, country was well administered and govt tax collections were at an all-time high.
Qianlong initiated military campaigns to the west of China, led to annexation of Xinjiang accompanied by
mass killings of local population. Also sent armies in Tibet to install the Dalai Lama on the throne there.
Were the following expansion efforts by China successful or unsuccessful:
Tibet: successful
Burma: unsuccessful
Vietnam: unsuccessful
What was the result of these efforts to expand?
Costly campaigns resulted in emptying of empire’s treasury.
Describe the late years of Emperor Qianlong’s reign:
The traditionally efficient Chinese bureaucracy became corrupt, levying high taxes on the people. Qing
Dynasty sold limited trading privileges to European powers but confined them to Guanghzhou because
they needed funds.
Why was the White Lotus Society reinstated? Where have we heard of them before?
The White Lotus Society was reinstated because the peasants wanted to restore the Ming Dynasty in
response to the High Taxes in a rebellion. The White Lotus Society was heard of before when the
Mongols established the Yuan Dynasty, this secret society overthrew the Mongols and established the
Ming Dynasty.
What was the result of their uprising?
The Qing govt. suppressed their uprising brutally, killing around 100,000 peasants.
Islamic Gunpowder Empires:
What did the Gunpowder Empires have in common?
They descended from Turkic nomads who once lived in Central Asia. Spoke a Turkic language; All Muslim
Took advantage of power vacuums left by the breakup of Mongol khanates,
Relied on gunpowder weapons, like artillery and cannons.
What made the Gunpowder Empires successful?
Success was result of their own military might along with weakness and corruption of other regimes that
they replaced.
Who was Tamerlane and where did he conquer?
Tamerlane was Timur the Lame, a Mongol Turkic ruler of the late 14th century, and he set the stage for
the rise of Turkic Empires. He made ruthless conquests in Persia and India.
How did the Ghazi Ideal help the Gunpowder Empires grow?
It served as a model for warriors who participated in the rise of the Gunpowder Empires, it fit Tamerlane
well.
Conquests led by the Gunpowder Empires were marked by what?
Pattern of conquest was marked by violence that resulted in new dynasties: The Ottomans, Safavids, and
Mughals.
How did Tamerlane encourage the arts?
Tamerlane championed literature, and he himself corresponded with European rulers and wrote his own
memoirs. He was interested in architecture and decorative arts.
Tamerlane’s invasions were a testament to what?
They were a testament to the significance of gunpowder.
Tamerlane’s government depended on what?
Military and the use of heavy artillery.
How did Tamerlane fail?
He failed to leave an effective political structure in many of the areas he conquered. Without effective
government, the expenses of the wars eventually ravaged the empire’s economy.
Which two major forces would continue to battle with each other into the 14th century?
Mongols from the northeast versus Islamic forces from Arabia and the areas around the Mediterranean
Sea.
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