Question 1
Question text
 The primary regulator of plasma sodium concentration is
 Select one:
 a. renin.
 b. aldosterone.
 c. antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
 d. atrial natriuretic hormone.
 e. insulin.
 Question 2
Question text
 Which of the following will the body begin to do in order to compensate for hyperkalemia?
 Select one:
 a. vasoconstriction of blood vessels
 b. increase ADH secretion
 c. decrease aldosterone secretion
 d. increase the release of atrial natriuretic hormone
 e. increase aldosterone secretion
 Question 3
Question text
 Once alkalosis has occurred, which of the following would you expect to happen?
 Select one:
 a. increased respiratory rate
 b. a plasma pH less than 7.40
 c. retention of hydrogen ions by the kidney
 d. increased renal reabsorption of bicarbonate ions
 e. secretion of hydrogen ions by the kidney
 Question 4
Question text
 Which of the following is not a function of the carbonic acid/bicarbonate system?
 Select one:
 a. Regulation of the pH of the intracellular environment
 b. Regulating pH changes of the blood during exercise
 c. Regulation of blood pH during elevated fat matabolism
 d. Regulation of blood pH in coordination with the respiratory system
 e. Regulation of blood pH in coordination with the kidneys
 Question 5
Question text
 Body fluid pH will rise dramatically when
 Select one:
 a. sodium is excreted by the kidney.
 b. large amounts of bicarbonate are ingested.
 c. carbonic acid is formed.
 d. the respiratory rate decreases.
 e. carbon dioxide levels increase.
 Question 6
Question text
 Which of the following statements concerning potassium ions is false?
 Select one:
 a. An increase in the extracellular potassium ion concentration leads to depolarization.
 b. Potassium ions are secreted into the nephron by the distal convoluted tubule.
 c. When aldosterone levels are high, potassium secretion is low.
 d. Aldosterone secretion is stimulated by high blood levels of potassium ions.
 e. None of these choices is false.
 Question 7
Question text
 Which of the following fluid compartments contains the smallest volume of water?
 Select one:
 a. plasma
 b. interstitial compartment
 c. intracellular compartment
 d. extracellular compartment
 e. cytoplasm
 Question 8
Question text
 Calcitonin
 Select one:
 a. promotes the absorption of calcium from the gastrointestinal tract.
 b. promotes osteoclast activity in the bones.
 c. reduces calcium excretion by the kidneys.
 d. reduces extracellular calcium ion levels.
 e. increases blood calcium levels.
 Question 9
Question text
 Potassium levels in the body are regulated by
 Select one:
 a. ADH.
 b. PTH.
 c. calcitonin.
 d. aldosterone.
 e. insulin.
 Question 10
Question text
 
Calcium balance is influenced by
 Select one:
 a. ADH and parathyroid hormone levels.
 b. ADH and aldosterone levels.
 c. parathyroid hormone and vitamin D levels.
 d. aldosterone and parathyroid hormone levels.
 e. insulin and glucagon.
 Question 11
Question text
 Which of the following events occurs last?
 Select one:
 a. release of renin by the kidney
 b. release of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex
 c. sodium reabsorption by the kidney tubules
 d. angiotensinogen → angiotensin I
 e. angiotensin I → angiotensin II
 Question 12
Question text
 If the hydrogen ion concentration in the blood increases, bicarbonate ions act as buffers by
 Select one:
 a. removing excess hydrogen ions from the plasma.
 b. releasing hydrogen ions into the plasma.
 c. dissociating into H+ and CO3-.
 d. combining with chloride ions.
 e. combining with hemoglobin.
 Question 13
Question text
 Hyperkalemia is defined as
 Select one:
 a. excess excitability of kalems.
 b. reduction of plasma calcium level.
 c. increase in plasma potassium level.
 d. increase in plasma sodium level.
 e. decrease in plasma potassium level.
 Question 14
Question text
 Decreased extracellular potassium levels cause
 Select one:
 a. cells to become more excitable.
 b. hyperpolarization of cell membranes.
 c. more action potentials to be generated.
 d. increased permeability of cell membranes.
 e. hypopolarization of cell membranes.
 Question 15
Question text
 A person working in the hot sun loses the greatest amount of water from the
 Select one:
 a. lungs.
 b. urine.
 c. mouth.
 d. skin.
 e. GI tract.
 Question 16
Question text
 In renal compensation of acidosis,
 Select one:
 a. H+ secretion decreases; bicarbonate excretion increases.
 b. H+ secretion decreases; bicarbonate reabsorption increases.
 c. H+ secretion increases; bicarbonate reabsorption increases.
 d. H+ secretion increases; bicarbonate excretion increases.
 e. H+ secretion decreases; bicarbonate excretion decreases.
 Question 17
Question text
 Name the ion that commonly serves as a cofactor for intracellular enzymes, such as the sodiumpotassium pump.
 Select one:
 a. Magnesium
 b. Calcium
 c. Hydrogen
 d. Carbonate
 e. Phosphate
 Question 18
Question text
 Which of the following is most likely to happen to a group of students who relax by drinking a
 pitcher of their favorite beverage?
 Select one:
 a. an increase in urine volume
 b. an increase in urine osmolality
 c. an increase in ADH production
 d. increased aldosterone secretion
 e. a decrease in urine volume
 Question 19
Question text
 Case study:
 You have just admitted Mary Roberts, a 70-year-old woman, to the hospital for GI bleeding. Her
 blood pressure is 130/80, pulse 80/min and irregular, respirations 18/min, and temperature 99.2.
 Mrs. Roberts denies pain at this time although she appears anxious and very pale. Her medical
 history includes lung cancer that was diagnosed two weeks ago, peptic ulcer disease with reflux
 esophagitis, and "fluid retention". Admission lab work shows a plasma Na+ of 152 mEq/L and
 K+ of 2.8 mEq/L.
 The increase in extracellular osmolality would cause
 Select one:
 a. water to move out of the cells.
 b. water to move into the cells.
 c. no change in the net movement of water into or out of the cells.
 Question 20
 Question text
 Case study:
 You have just admitted Mary Roberts, a 70-year-old woman, to the hospital for GI bleeding. Her
 blood pressure is 130/80, pulse 80/min and irregular, respirations 18/min, and temperature 99.2.
 Mrs. Roberts denies pain at this time although she appears anxious and very pale. Her medical
 history includes lung cancer that was diagnosed two weeks ago, peptic ulcer disease with reflux
 esophagitis, and "fluid retention". Admission lab work shows a plasma Na+ of 152 mEq/L and
 K+ of 2.8 mEq/L.
 Which of the following regulatory mechanisms would be stimulated as a result of the increased
 osmolality that results from a Na+ level of 152 mEq/L?
 Select one:
 a. increased urine output
 b. an increased release of ADH
 c. an increase in renin production
 d. an increase in the secretion of aldosterone
 e. a decreased release of ADH