ExpertDDx: Brain and Spine 3rd Edition by Karen L. Salzman MD, Miral D. Jhaveri MD MBA, Jeffrey S. Ross MD

Table of contents

• Cover image

• Title page

• Table of Contents

• Copyright

• Dedications

• Contributing Authors

• Preface

• bold>Acknowledgments

• Sections

• SECTION 1: SKULL AND BRAIN

• SCALP, SKULL

• ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

• Skull Normal Variants

• Scalp Mass, Child

• Scalp Mass, Adult

• Congenital Anomalies of Skull Base

• GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS

• "Hair on End"

• Thick Skull, Generalized

• Thick Skull, Localized

• Thin Skull, Generalized

• Thin Skull, Localized

• Lytic Skull Lesion, Solitary

• Multiple Lucent Skull Lesions

• Sclerotic Skull Lesion, Solitary

• Sclerotic Skull Lesions, Multiple

• CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

• Macrocrania/Macrocephaly

• Microcephaly

• MENINGES

• ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

• Dural Calcification(s)

• Dural-Based Mass, Solitary

• Dural-Based Masses, Multiple

• Falx Lesions

• GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS

• Thick Dura/Arachnoid, Generalized

• Pial Enhancement

• Dural Tail Sign

• VENTRICLES, PERIVENTRICULAR REGIONS

• ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

• Ventricles, Normal Variants

• Choroid Plexus Lesions, Child

• Choroid Plexus Lesions, Adult

• Ependymal/Subependymal Lesions

• Lateral Ventricle Mass

• Thick Septum Pellucidum

• Foramen of Monro Mass

• 3rd Ventricle Mass, Anterior

• 3rd Ventricle Mass, Body/Posterior

• Cerebral Aqueduct/Periaqueductal Lesion

• 4th Ventricle Mass, Child

• 4th Ventricle Mass, Adult

• GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS

• Bubbly-Appearing Intraventricular Mass

• Ependymal Enhancement

• Ventriculomegaly

• Small Ventricles

• Asymmetric Lateral Ventricles

• Irregular Lateral Ventricles

• Periventricular Enhancing Lesions

• MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS

• Intraventricular Calcification(s)

• Periventricular Calcification(s)

• EXTRAAXIAL SPACES AND SUBARACHNOID CISTERNS

• ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

• Periventricular T2-/FLAIR-Hyperintense Lesions

• Subarachnoid Space Normal Variants

• Epidural Mass

• Enlarged Sulci, Generalized

• Effaced Sulci, Generalized

• Interhemispheric Fissure Cysts

• CPA Mass, Adult

• Cystic CPA Mass

• Prepontine Cistern Mass

• Ventral Foramen Magnum Mass

• Dorsal Foramen Magnum Mass

• GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS

• Solitary Enhancing Cranial Nerve

• Multiple Enhancing Cranial Nerves

• CSF-Like Extraaxial Fluid Collection

• Convexal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

• CSF-Like Extraaxial Mass

• Sulcal/Cisternal Enhancement

• Fat in Sulci/Cisterns/Ventricles

• Pneumocephalus

• MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS

• Extraaxial Flow Voids

• T1-Hyperintense CSF

• FLAIR-Hyperintense Sulci

• T2-Hypointense Extraaxial Lesions

• Hyperdense CSF

• Hyperdense Extraaxial Mass(es)

• Hypodense Extraaxial Mass(es)

• BRAIN PARENCHYMA, GENERAL

• GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS

• Multiple Enhancing Lesions, General

• Ring-Enhancing Lesion, Solitary

• Ring-Enhancing Lesion, Multiple

• Solitary Cystic Parenchymal Mass, General

• CSF-Like Parenchymal Lesion(s)

• Cyst With Nodule

• Fat and Fat-Like Lesion(s)

• MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS

• Solitary Parenchymal Calcification

• Multiple Parenchymal Calcifications

• Solitary Hyperdense Parenchymal Lesion

• Multiple Hyperdense Parenchymal Lesions

• Solitary Hypodense Parenchymal Lesion

• Multiple Hypodense Parenchymal Lesions

• Multiple Brain Hyperintensities (T2/FLAIR), Common

• Multiple Brain Hyperintensities (T2/FLAIR), Less Common

• Multiple Brain Hyperintensities (T2/FLAIR), Rare but Important

• Multiple Hypointense Foci on T2

• Multiple Hypointense Foci on GRE/SWI

• T1-/T2-Hyperintense Parenchymal Lesions

• T1-Hypointense, T2-Hyperintense Parenchymal Lesions

• T1-/T2-Isointense Parenchymal Lesions

• Restricted Diffusion, General

• Restricted Diffusion, Cortex

• Restricted Diffusion, Basal Ganglia

• T1-Hyperintense Parenchymal Lesion(s)

• CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

• Brain Tumor in Newborn/Infant

• Brain Tumor in Child > 1 Year

• Epilepsy, Child

• Epilepsy, Adult

• SUPRATENTORIAL BRAIN PARENCHYMA

• ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

• Asymmetric Cerebral Hemispheres

• Thick Cerebral Cortex

• Thin Cortex

• Focal Cortical Mass

• Cortical Hyperintensity T2/FLAIR

• Cortical Enhancement

• Solitary White Matter Lesion

• Confluent White Matter Lesions

• Abnormal Shape/Configuration of Corpus Callosum

• Corpus Callosum Holes

• Corpus Callosum Lesion Without Mass Effect

• Corpus Callosum Mass

• Corpus Callosum Splenium Lesion

• Medial Temporal Lobe Lesion

• Hippocampal Lesion

• Basal Ganglia Calcification

• Hyperdense Basal Ganglia

• Hypodense Basal Ganglia

• T1-Hyperintense Basal Ganglia

• T2-Hyperintense Basal Ganglia

• Enlarged Perivascular Spaces

• Perivascular Space Enhancing Lesions

• Bilateral Basal Ganglia Lesions

• Putamen Lesion(s)

• Globus Pallidus Lesion(s)

• Unilateral Thalamic Lesion

• Bithalamic Lesions

• Pulvinar Sign

• Tectal (Quadrigeminal Plate) Lesion

• INFRATENTORIAL BRAIN PARENCHYMA

• ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

• Large Brainstem

• Small Brainstem

• T2-Hyperintense Brainstem, Focal

• T2-Hyperintense Brainstem, Diffuse

• Midbrain Lesion

• Pontine Lesion

• Medulla Lesion

• Middle Cerebellar Peduncle Lesion(s)

• Cerebellar Atrophy

• Cerebellar Hemisphere Mass

• Vermis Mass

• Low Cerebellar Tonsils

• GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS

• Cystic-Appearing Posterior Fossa Lesion

• CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

• Posterior Fossa Neoplasm, Adult

• Posterior Fossa Neoplasm, Pediatric

• SELLA/JUXTASELLAR, PINEAL REGION

• ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

• Pineal Region Mass, General

• Pineal Gland Mass

• Quadrigeminal Cistern Mass

• Pineal + Suprasellar Lesions

• Sella/Pituitary Normal Variants

• Sellar/Juxtasellar Calcification

• Enlarged Pituitary Gland

• Intrasellar Lesion

• Cystic Intrasellar Mass

• Suprasellar Mass, Child

• Suprasellar Mass, Adult

• Suprasellar Cystic Mass

• Calcified Suprasellar Mass

• Enhancing Suprasellar Mass

• Sellar/Parasellar Mass With Skull Base Invasion

• Absent/Thin Infundibular Stalk

• Thick Infundibular Stalk

• Hypothalamus Lesion

• MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS

• Hyperdense Suprasellar Mass

• T1-Hyperintense Suprasellar Mass

• ARTERIES

• ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

• Multifocal Arterial Narrowing

• Vessel Wall Abnormalities

• Fusiform Arterial Enlargement

• MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS

• Hyperattenuating ("Dense") Artery

• VEINS, VENOUS SINUSES

• ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

• Dural Sinus Lesion, General

• Enlarged Cortical Veins

• Prominent/Enlarged Deep (Medullary/Ependymal) Veins

• Abnormally Enhancing Medullary Veins

• Unilateral Cavernous Sinus Mass

• Bilateral Cavernous Sinus Lesions

• Meckel Cave Lesion

• MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS

• Hyperdense Dural Sinus

• GRE/SWI Venous Abnormalities

• CRANIAL NERVES

• CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

• Hemifacial Spasm

• Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Adult

• Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Child

• Bitemporal Heteronymous Hemianopsia

• Homonymous Hemianopsia

• Oculomotor, Trochlear, or Abducens Neuropathy

• Trigeminal Neuralgia

• Complex Cranial Nerve IX-XII Neuropathy

• SECTION 2: SPINE

• TRANSSPATIAL

• ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

• Horner Syndrome

• Cervical, Chronic Posttraumatic Abnormality

• Cervical, Lower, Posttraumatic Bony Abnormality

• Thoracic Bony Trauma

• Lumbar Bony Trauma

• GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS

• Kyphosis

• Kyphoscoliosis, Child

• Platyspondyly, Diffuse

• Sacral Mass, Adult

• Sacrococcygeal Mass, Pediatric

• Sacral Deformity

• Multicompartmental Mass

• CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

• Acute Back Pain/Radiculopathy, Postoperative

• Chronic Back Pain/Radiculopathy, Postoperative

• Acute Upper Extremity Pain/Weakness

• Lower Extremity Pain

• Back Pain, Adult

• Back Pain, Pediatric

• CRANIOVERTEBRAL JUNCTION

• ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

• Craniocervical Junction Acute Injury

• Craniovertebral Junction Abnormality, General

• Craniovertebral Junction Soft Tissue Abnormality

• GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS

• C1-C2 Instability

• Odontoid Deformity

• VERTEBRAL BODY, POSTERIOR ELEMENTS

• ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

• Congenital Vertebral Anomalies

• Cervical Bony Fusion

• GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS

• Flattened Vertebral Body, Solitary

• Flattened Vertebral Body, Multiple

• Dysmorphic Vertebral Body

• Enlarged Vertebral Body/Posterior Element

• Enlarged Neural Foramen

• Vertebral Body Scalloping/Widened Canal

• Spondylolisthesis

• Bony Lesion, Aggressive

• Fracture, Vertebral Body

• Facet Abnormality, Nontraumatic

• Fracture, Posterior Element

• Pedicle Abnormality

• MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS

• Enlarged Vertebral Body, Soap Bubble Expansion

• Vertebral Body Sclerosis, Focal

• Vertebral Body Sclerosis, Diffuse

• Vertebral Body Thickened Bony Trabeculae

• Vertebral Body, T1-Hyperintense Signal, Diffuse

• Vertebral Body, T1-Hyperintense Signal, Focal

• Vertebral Body, T1-Hypointense Signal, Diffuse

• Vertebral Body, T1-Hypointense Signal, Focal

• INTERVERTEBRAL DISC, ENDPLATE

• GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS

• Disc Contour Abnormality

• Intervertebral Disc/Endplate Irregularity

• Vertebral Endplate Contour Abnormality

• MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS

• Intervertebral Disc, T1 Hypointense

• Intervertebral Disc, T2 Hyperintense

• Vertebral Endplate Signal Abnormality

• EXTRADURAL

• ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

• Epidural Mass

• Ventral/Lateral Paraspinal Mass

• GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS

• Paraspinal Muscle Abnormality

• Extradural Lesions, Multiple

• Extradural Lesion, No Enhancement

• Extradural Lesion, Solid Enhancement

• Epidural Fluid

• MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS

• Soft Tissue Calcification, Paraspinal

• Extradural, Normal Marrow Signal

• Extradural, Abnormal Marrow Signal

• Extradural Lesion, T1 Hyperintense

• Extradural Lesion, T1 Hypointense

• Extradural Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, T1 Isointense

• Extradural Lesion, T2 Hypointense, T1 Hypointense

• CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

• Lumbar Soft Tissue Mass, Pediatric

• INTRADURAL EXTRAMEDULLARY

• ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

• Cauda Equina Enhancement, Diffuse

• Subarachnoid Space Narrowing

• Intradural Extramedullary, Leptomeningeal Enhancement

• GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS

• Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, No Enhancement

• Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, Solid Enhancement

• Intradural Lesion, Serpentine

• Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, Multiple

• MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS

• Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, Ring/Peripheral Enhancement

• Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T1 Hyperintense

• Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T1 Hypointense

• Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T1 Hypointense, T2 Hypointense

• Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, T1 Isointense

• CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

• Cauda Equina Syndrome

• INTRAMEDULLARY

• ANATOMICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

• Intramedullary Mass

• Conus Abnormality

• GENERIC IMAGING PATTERNS

• Intramedullary Lesions, Multiple

• Intramedullary Lesion, Solid Enhancement

• Intramedullary Lesion, No Enhancement

• Intramedullary Lesion, Diffuse/Ill-Defined Enhancement

• Intramedullary Lesion, Ring/Peripheral Enhancement

• MODALITY-SPECIFIC IMAGING FINDINGS

• Intramedullary Lesion, T1 Hypointense, T2 Hypointense

• Intramedullary Lesion, T1 Hypointense

• Intramedullary Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, T1 Isointense

• Intramedullary Lesion, T1 Hyperintense

• Cord Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, Ventral

• Cord Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, Dorsal

• Cord Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, Central

• CLINICALLY BASED DIFFERENTIALS

• Myelopathy

• INDEX